In a major ruling limiting the reach of federal courts over overseas corporate conduct, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6-3 on June 23, 2026, that foreign plaintiffs cannot use the Alien Tort Statute or the Torture Victim Protection Act to sue American companies for allegedly aiding and abetting human rights abuses abroad. The decision in Cisco Systems, Inc. v. Doe (No. 24-856) sharply restricts the ability of international claimants to haul U.S. corporations into domestic courts over technology sales and commercial ties to foreign regimes.
Writing for the conservative majority, Justice Amy Coney Barrett held that federal judges lack the constitutional authority to create private causes of action under the 1789 Alien Tort Statute (ATS) and that the Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991 (TVPA) does not establish secondary aiding-and-abetting liability. Barrett was joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorsuch, and Brett Kavanaugh.
āToday, we close the door that Sosa cracked and hold that courts may not create new causes of action for violations of international norms,ā Barrett wrote, referring to the Courtās 2004 precedent in Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain. āWe also hold that the Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991, which contains an express cause of action, does not provide for aiding-and-abetting liability.ā
The litigation originated from a lawsuit brought by practitioners of Falun Gong, a spiritual movement banned by the Chinese government. The plaintiffs alleged that Chinese authorities subjected them to detention and torture, aided in part by surveillance and networking infrastructureāspecifically the āGolden Shieldā projectāengineered and sold by San Jose-based Cisco Systems and its executives. While a federal district court initially dismissed the complaint, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit revived the claims, ruling that both statutes permitted aiding-and-abetting actions against domestic entities that knowingly facilitate violations of customary international law. The Supreme Courtās reversal brings an end to that theory.
Constitutional Separation of Powers
Emphasizing the constitutional separation of powers, Barrett reasoned that creating private rights of action is an extraordinary legislative prerogative reserved exclusively to Congress. Allowing unelected federal judges to recognize new tort claims based on evolving international norms, the majority noted, risks severe judicial encroachment on foreign policyāa realm the Constitution assigns to the executive and legislative branches. Because the ATS is strictly a jurisdictional statute and the TVPAās text makes no mention of secondary liability, the Court held that Cisco could not be held liable.
The decision aligns with arguments presented by the federal government. The Solicitor Generalās office participated in oral argument supporting Cisco, urging the justices to rein in extraterritorial litigation that administration officials warned could disrupt foreign diplomacy, invite reciprocal foreign litigation against U.S. interests, and chill American technological innovation abroad. Business groups and defense counsel celebrated the decision, arguing that it removes a cloud of perpetual legal exposure for tech firms and global manufacturers operating in complex international markets. For decades, corporate defendants had faced expansive class actions under the ATS, incurring massive litigation costs to defend against claims stemming from the sovereign actions of foreign governments.
Liberal Justicesā Dissent
The Courtās three liberal justices voiced sharp disagreement with the majorityās sweeping rollback of human rights litigation. Addressing the secondary liability question under the 1991 statute, Justice Sonia Sotomayor argued that statutory text permitting claims against individuals who āsubjectā victims to abuse naturally includes those who intentionally aid and abet the underlying conduct. āBecause the plain text of this statute includes individuals who aid and abet the victimās torture, I would affirm the Ninth Circuitās judgment on this score as well,ā she wrote. Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson filed an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part, joined by Justice Elena Kagan. While Jackson agreed with narrowing aspects of the ATSās scope, she maintained that the TVPAās statutory framework was sufficiently broad to reach parties that provide material, knowing assistance to acts of state-sponsored torture.
The ruling marks the culmination of a decades-long effort by conservative jurists to curtail transnational human rights suits in U.S. courts, cementing the principle that foreign policy remedies must originate in Congress rather than through judge-made tort claims. With the door largely closed on new ATS causes of action and aiding-and-abetting liability under the TVPA, foreign claimants seeking redress for alleged corporate complicity in overseas abuses will face a far narrower path in American courts.
